In recent years, many Western countries have introduced legal duties to promote equal outcomes or “equity,” under the auspices of anti-discrimination and human rights law. For example, Canada has an Employment Equity Act, which aims to implement “the principle that employment equity means more than treating persons in the same way but also requires special measures and the accommodation of differences.” Although these laws are often justified as measures to equalize opportunities, the legal framework implementing equality rights explicitly measures disparities in outcome. After all